This guidance describes a method of recording historic buildings for the purpose of historical understanding using analytical site drawing and measuring by hand. The techniques described here have a long tradition of being used to aid understanding by observation and close contact with building fabric. They can be used by all involved in making records of buildings of all types and ages, but are particularly useful for vernacular buildings and architectural details which are crucial to the history of a building or site. . Record drawings are best used alongside other recording techniques such as written reports and photography or to supplement digital survey data. They can also be used as a basis for illustrations that disseminate understanding to wider audiences.

This guidance document covers the use of geoarchaeology to assist in understanding the archaeological record. Geoarchaeological techniques may range in scale from landscape studies to microscopic analysis, and are carried out by practitioners with specialist knowledge about the physical environment in which archaeological stratigraphy is preserved, and excavations take place. The main aim is usually to understand site formation processes, but there may also be issues concerning site preservation, refining field interpretations of archaeological contexts and identifying changes in the physical landscape through time.

This guidance document provides an introduction to the ways that the archaeological evidence for metalworking is studied. Archaeometallurgical evidence can include whole landscapes, buildings, features, artefacts and waste materials (eg slag and crucibles). Archaeometallurgy includes fieldwork investigations (survey and excavation) and the subsequent study of these data as well as any artefacts and residues recovered. Scientific approaches provide insights into the techniques used to produce different metals and how these were fabricated into artefacts.

This document provides practical guidance on how to investigate sites where pottery production has taken place. It describes how to anticipate and locate pottery production sites and the types of evidence that may be found. This document also provides advice on the available methods and strategies for examining, recording and sampling features and finds of various types at each stage of the work. The different techniques for establishing the date of pottery production, and for characterising the products of a site, are given particular emphasis. This document was compiled by Harriet White, Sarah Paynter and Duncan Brown with contributions by Joanne Best, Chris Cumberpatch, David Dawson, Peter Ellis, Jane Evans, Laurence Jones, Oliver Kent, Gareth Perry, The Prince's Regeneration Trust, Ian Roberts, Kerry Tyler and Ann Woodward.

This illustrated history portrays one of England's finest major cities and some of its county towns and villages. It provides a nostalgic look at Leicester's past and highlights the special character of some of its most important historic sites. The photographs are taken from the Historic England Archive, a unique collection of over 12 million photographs, drawings, plans and documents covering England's archaeology, architecture, social and local history. Pictures date from the earliest days of photography to the present and cover subjects from Bronze Age burials and medieval churches to cinemas and seaside resorts. Historic England: Leicester shows the city as it once was, from its churches, parks, streets and alleyways to its Victorian mills and textile factories. Leicester has been at the very heart of the country's political and economic development for over two millennia. Evidence of Roman occupation remains at the Jewry Wall, Cardinal Wolsey lies buried in Leicester Abbey and, in 2012, the skeleton of Richard III was discovered lying beneath a car park. The city grew rapidly in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries with the construction of the Grand Union Canal and the arrival of the railway. These developments encouraged and accompanied a process of industrialisation which intensified throughout the Victorian era; hosiery, textiles, and footwear became the major industrial employers. Today, Leicester is a major distribution centre and has attracted new service and manufacturing businesses through its academic-industrial connections with the engineering departments at Leicester University, De Montfort University and nearby Loughborough University. Leicester remains one of the country's most important cities and this book will help you discover its colourful and fascinating history.

This photographic guide will assist scientists working with archaeological plant or insect remains in the identification of calcium-phosphate replaced biological remains. Diagnostic criteria and images are presented for the most commonly occurring taxa found as mineralised remains in cesspits, drains and middens, dating from the prehistoric to post-medieval periods . Phosphatic mineralisation primarily preserves soft tissues and often results in the loss of diagnostic features typically seen in other types of preservation, particularly of the thickened, protective outer layers (pericarps and seed coats) of fruits and seeds. For insect remains this type of preservation primarily favours fly (Diptera) pupae and puparia. High quality photographic images are presented, for the most part using mineralised archaeological material. High magnification images of specific structures and cell layers (magnifications of up to x160) are included where appropriate. Variations of potential preservation are illustrated where possible. Identification criteria for each taxon is highlighted, along with examples of archaeological sites which yielded mineralised material, information on modern ecology and interpretative value of each taxon.

Roofing looks at traditional roof coverings used on historic buildings. Many materials and systems have been used to provide roof coverings, and the book provides information about their technological evolution, the processes causing deterioration, and ways of assessing problems and solutions. Repairs, maintenance and conflicts with modern practices are also covered.

The diversity of England's Protected Wreck Sites reflects the wealth of maritime heritage preserved under the sea and around our coast. These sites provide a valuable source of evidence for a wide range of past activities, and not just of those on or in the sea. These guidelines are intended to support individuals or groups wishing to access and/or develop projects on wreck sites designated under Section 1 of the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 in the English Territorial Sea. The role of a voluntary Licensee and his or her team is essential to the system that helps manage the most significant historic wrecks in our territorial sea. As Licensees are effectively voluntary custodians for these important sites; this has been recognised by Historic England awarding Affiliated Volunteer Status to Licensees and their teams. This guidance has been updated to reflect changes to the way the protected wreck licensing system is administered, recognise the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 and publication of the UK Marine Policy Statement in 2011. The guidance forms the approach recommended for work on all historic wreck sites in England, not just those designated under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973.

This illustrated history portrays one of England's finest major cities. It provides a nostalgic look at Birmingham's past and highlights the special character of some of its most important historic sites. The photographs are taken from the Historic England Archive, a unique collection of over 12 million photographs, drawings, plans and documents covering England's archaeology, architecture, social and local history. Pictures date from the earliest days of photography to the present and cover subjects from Bronze Age burials and medieval churches to cinemas and seaside resorts. Birmingham has long been an important centre in the West Midlands but during the Industrial Revolution it grew to become England's second city. The myriad of manufacturing businesses in Birmingham created a dynamic local economy and the city prospered. Although the town was heavily bombed in the Second World War and its infrastructure was badly damaged, the city was redeveloped post-war, with many areas being rebuilt from scratch. Birmingham continued to be regenerated in subsequent decades and today it is a powerful commercial city of international importance.

This Project Planning Note is intended to cover the taking of oblique aerial photographs of the historic environment. It includes advice on planning and carrying out aerial reconnaissance projects and lists relevant sources of further information. This Project Planning Note is intended to be read in conjunction with the MoRPHE Project Managers Guide which gives generic guidance on project management.

Mortars, Renders and Plasters provides a broad perspective of contemporary conservation theory and practice not otherwise found in one publication, describing the history, physical properties, and deterioration of these important materials. Methods of assessing condition and evaluating options for treatment and repair are discussed, together with a range of practical conservation techniques and maintenance strategies.

Building Environment looks at the interaction between building materials and systems and their surroundings, and how this may lead to deterioration. It presents ways of assessing remedial treatments, and includes discussions on occupant health, and sustainable retrofitting.

Stone considers the wide variety of historical uses, from simple masonry walling through to elaborate carving and decoration. The book considers why stone decays or fails and how to assess and understand the causes, before concentrating on the practical methods of treatment, repair and maintenance.

Glass and Glazing looks at the conservation of one of the most important building materials, and its use in windows, roofing and walling. It considers the technological evolution of glass and glazing systems, the processes causing deterioration, and the practical application and long-term implications of common conservation materials and methods, as well as of alterations to improve performance.

This illustrated history portrays one of London's most fascinating areas. It provides a nostalgic look at the East End's past and highlights the special character of some of its most important historic sites. The photographs are taken from the Historic England Archive, a unique collection of over 12 million photographs, drawings, plans and documents covering England's archaeology, architecture, social and local history. Pictures date from the earliest days of photography to the present and cover subjects from Bronze Age burials and medieval churches to cinemas and seaside resorts. This book shows London's East End as it once was, from its labyrinthine streets and alleys to its factories and warehouses. The East End was one of the poorest parts of the UK, blighted by crime and appalling living conditions. As the boundaries of London spread towards Essex, however, the picture has become very different. As transport links were improved, areas such as Bethnal Green, West Ham and Forest Gate, once small rural villages, have been swallowed up by the capital's growth. Today, the East End is a very different place, one of regeneration and vibrancy and great cultural diversity. This books will help you discover its remarkable history.

This illustrated history portrays one of England's finest counties. It provides a nostalgic look at Somerset's past and highlights the special character of some of its most important historic sites. The photographs are taken from the Historic England Archive, a unique collection of over 12 million photographs, drawings, plans and documents covering England's archaeology, architecture, social and local history. Pictures date from the earliest days of photography to the present and cover subjects from Bronze Age burials and medieval churches to cinemas and seaside resorts. Somerset has a huge variety of landscapes, the flat marshlands of the Somerset Levels contrasting with the Mendip, Quantock and Blackdown Hills and the moorlands of Exmoor, as well as a coastline along the Bristol Channel. Somerset was an important part of the Saxon kingdom of Wessex and the region became prosperous in the Middle Ages through the wool trade. Although coal mining was developed in the north of the county and Yeovil became a centre of the aircraft and defence industries, much of Somerset is still largely rural, with the county town of Taunton in the heart of the county. Somerset draws many visitors to its historic attractions, not least the city of Bath with its Roman remains and Georgian architecture, the cathedral city of Wells and the town of Glastonbury with its striking Tor and abbey ruins. This book will help the reader to discover its remarkable history.

Conservation Basics examines the evolving theories and principles that underpin building conservation in England in the 21st century, and looks at their application in practice. The process of conservation planning for the maintenance and repair of historic buildings and places is described in detail, and is illustrated through case studies. Topics include understanding and assessment, surveys and recording, ecological considerations, planning and managing maintenance and repair programmes, risk management, specifying works, and contract procurement.

This illustrated history portrays one of England's most historically significant cities. It provides a nostalgic look at Bradford's past and highlights the special character of some of its most important historic sites. The photographs are taken from the Historic England Archive, a unique collection of over 12 million photographs, drawings, plans and documents covering England's archaeology, architecture, social and local history. Pictures date from the earliest days of photography to the present and cover subjects from Bronze Age burials and medieval churches to cinemas and seaside resorts. These unique images are complemented by selections from the author's archive. Historic England: Bradford shows the city as it once was, from its streets and alleyways to the magnificent City Hall, and from the impressive neoclassical buildings of Little Germany to the perfectly preserved Victorian planned village of Saltaire. Bradford was an international centre of textile manufacture, particularly worsted. Today, it has been transformed into a centre of education and innovation, as well as a burgeoning tourist destination, becoming the first UNESCO City of Film with attractions such as the National Media Museum, Bradford City Park, the Alhambra Theatre and Cartwright Hall. This book helps you discover the remarkable history of this West Yorkshire city.

Metals deals with the conservation of a group of materials that have been used in buildings for everything from structural components and fixings to weatherproofing, repairs, and decoration. It covers both the iron-based and the non-ferrous metals (such as copper, bronze and lead), in each case considering technological evolution, deterioration processes, and the practical application and long-term implications of the common conservation materials and methods.

This advice is aimed at members of the general public and those wishing to undertake a project directed at an archaeological or historic site in England in the marine and coastal area. This advice will help readers gain a better understanding of where to find relevant information on marine licensing, the types of activities that require a marine licence and those activities that are exempt. It also sets out further information on what is required to support a marine licence application with regard to a project design. This document updates the EH advice note Marine Licensing and Underwater and Forshore Archaeology (2012). This revised advice includes more detail on where to find important and relevant information on marine licensing and what detail to include to support a marine licence application.

These guidelines focus on physical access issues because these often pose the greatest challenges as well as opportunities for historic buildings. Other issues such as lighting, tone, colour contrast and signing are touched upon, while acknowledging the excellent guidance on these aspects of good access design which exists elsewhere. The guidance also focuses on the challenges and constraints posed by buildings whose function is not directly related to their historic status - shops, offices and civic buildings - rather than those preserved and opened to the public purely as historic attractions. Although the guidelines are relevant to both categories of building the latter raise significant issues in relation to interpretation (sometimes referred to as intellectual access), which are largely beyond the scope of this document. This document replaces our 2004 edition.

We know that the risk of flooding is likely to increase as a result of a changing climate and the effects of increased urban development. Estimates suggest the number of people at high risk from flooding could rise from 1.5 million to 3.5 million by 2080. Currently around 400,000 homes and 75,000 businesses in England are located in areas where there is a significant annual chance of river or coastal flooding (greater than a 1.3 per cent annual chance, or once every 75 years on average). More homes are at risk from surface water, groundwater or sewer flooding, which is much harder to predict than river or coastal flooding. Many of these buildings were built before 1919 and are therefore likely to be of historic interest. As well as damage to property and infrastructure, flooding results in a significant human cost. Not only do householders lose possessions and suffer damage to their properties when there is a flood, but often they are also forced to endure the disruption and stress caused by several months of evacuation. Since the 2007 floods there have been major consultations and reviews undertaken by government and other regulatory organisations and a much greater recognition of the need for coordinated flood-risk management at a local level. This was a particular emphasis of the Pitt Review, Learning the Lessons from the 2007 Floods (2008) and the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs’ (Defra) ongoing programme Making Space for Water, which takes a holistic approach to the management of risk from all forms of flooding (river, coastal, groundwater, surface run-off and sewer) to help deliver sustainable development. This need for a more comprehensive management of flood risk for people, houses and businesses has been incorporated into the Flood and Water Management Act 2010. Integrated flood-risk management is essential if the historic environment is to be protected from flood damage, and effective communication between all those involved is therefore vital in securing the appropriate response. Co-operation with national agencies such as the Environment Agency is key to managing risks at a local level. Local Flood Resilience Forums also now have a very important role in helping manage the risks as well as providing integrated emergency management.